Acute Glomerulonephritis

Definitions
Acute glomerulonephritis (GN) is an inflammatory process involving the glomerulus of the kidney, resulting in a clinical syndrome consisting of hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and renal insufficiency.

Chronic Renal Failure

Definitions
Kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for >3 months.

Acute Kidney Injury

Definitions
Sudden loss of kidney function resulting in retention of nitrogenous waste as well as electrolyte and volume homeostasis abnormalities with or without oliguria (urine output <500 mL/d)

Urine Outflow Obstruction

Aetiology
Posterior urethral valves
- an abnormal congenital leaflets in the prostatic portion of the urethra that results in narrowing of the bladder outlet and obstruction of urine flow
- commonest cause of severe obstructive uropathy in children
- only affects male
- affects 1 in 5000-8000 live births
- inheritance is sporadic

Urinary Tract Infection in Childhood

Definition
Significant bacteriuria + inflammation